Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), also known as "yellow spot disease," is a condition that typically occurs after the age of 65 and involves the loss of cells in the macula—the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. It is one of the most common causes of vision loss in older adults. There are two types of AMD: dry and wet, and treatment options vary depending on the type.
Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration
Although the exact cause of macular degeneration is not known, certain risk factors are associated with a higher likelihood of developing the disease:
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Age 65 and above
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Female gender
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Family history of AMD
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Smoking
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High blood pressure and cholesterol levels
Symptoms of Macular Degeneration
The disease may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. In more advanced stages, the following symptoms may occur:
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Decline in central vision clarity
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Blurred vision
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Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
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Distortion of images and lines appearing wavy
Diagnosis of Macular Degeneration
After a comprehensive eye examination, tests such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA), or Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A, a non-invasive imaging test) can be used to diagnose AMD, determine its stage, and identify its type.
Treatment of Macular Degeneration
There is currently no treatment available to completely cure macular degeneration. Existing therapies aim to slow the progression of the disease.
Staging and classification of the disease play a critical role in determining the appropriate treatment.
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Dry AMD: Treatment typically involves supportive vitamin supplements (such as Lutein and Zeaxanthin). In very specific cases, telescopic intraocular lenses may be considered.
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Wet AMD: Treatment includes intravitreal (intraocular) injection therapies or retinal surgeries in cases of fresh and significant bleeding. In the past, PDT (Photodynamic Therapy) laser treatments were used, but modern treatment has largely shifted to intraocular injections.
